法律翻译｜新西兰2016年国际学生合同纠纷解决方案——第一部分“争议解决程序”

译者｜龚雨燕 外交学院硕士

一审｜田雅琦 青岛大学法本

二审｜陈思源 北京大学硕士

编辑｜杨玟萱 中南财经政法大学本科

译者注：2016年新西兰出台《国际学生合同争议解决方案细则（DRS）》，旨在解决其境内国际学生和教育机构之间的合同和财务争议，经过多次修订，此版本为2022年8月的最新版，因内容较多，分第一部分“争议解决程序”和第二部分“方案执行”两次翻译完成，以下为第一部分“争议解决程序”的译文。

International Student Contract Dispute Resolution Scheme Rules 2016

2016年国际学生合同争议解决方案细则

These rules are made under section 238M of the Education Act 1989—

(a) on the advice and with the consent of the Executive Council; and

(b) on the recommendation of the Minister for Tertiary Education, Skills and Employment made after appropriate consultation.

本细则依据《1989年教育法》第238M条制定

(a) 根据行政委员会的建议并征得其同意；以及

(b) 根据高等教育、技能和就业部长在适当协商后提出的建议。

Contents

目录

Rules

细则

1 Title 名称

These rules are the International Student Contract Dispute Resolution Scheme Rules 2016.

2 Commencement 生效

These rules come into force on 1 July 2016.

3 Interpretation 释义

(1) In these rules, unless the context otherwise requires,—

Act means the Education and Training Act 2020

adjudicator means an adjudicator appointed by the DRS operator

appoint includes engage or employ, and appointee has a corresponding meaning

任命包括聘请或雇佣，被任命人的含义与之对应

code means the Education (Pastoral Care of International Students) Code of Practice 2016

守则指2016年《教育（国际学生关怀照顾）行为守则》

code administrator means a person or agency appointed under regulations made under section 648 of the Act

守则管理员指根据《法案》第648条的规定任命的个人或机构

dispute means a dispute between an international student and a provider that relates to either of the matters set out in section 536(2) of the Act

争议指国际学生与教育提供方之间涉及《法案》第536 (2)条规定的任一事项的争议

DRS operator means the person or agency appointed under section 536(4)(a) of the Act to be responsible for administering the scheme

DRS运营者指根据《法案》第536(4)(a)条的规定任命的负责执行争议解决方案的个人或机构

enroll means register or admit a person as a student to receive educational instruction provided by a signatory after the student has accepted an offer of educational instruction from the signatory, and enrolment has a corresponding meaning

录取指在学生接受了守则签署方发出的录取通知书后，守则签署方将其注册或录取为学生，接受守则签署方提供的教育指导

international student has the same meaning as in section 10(1) of the Act

国际学生的含义与《法案》第10(1)条规定的含义相同

legal guardian, in relation to an international student, means a person who, by court or testamentary appointment, is responsible for the student’s well-being and financial support and provides for the care of the student in the student’s home country

法定监护人，就国际学生而言，指通过法院或遗嘱指定，负责学生的健康和经济支持，并在学生原籍国为其提供照顾的人

mediator means a mediator appointed by the DRS operator

调解员指由DRS运营者任命的调解员

Minister means the Minister of Education

部长指教育部长

provider has the same meaning as in section 10(1) of the Act

提供方的含义与《法案》第10 (1)条规定的含义相同

scheme means the student contract dispute resolution scheme established by section 536 of the Act

方案指《法案》第536条所设立的学生合同争议解决方案

serious misconduct, in relation to a provider, means misconduct that the DRS operator considers, on reasonable grounds, to be fraudulent or grossly negligent or a breach of any applicable law or regulations or the code

严重不当行为，就提供方而言，指DRS运营者基于合理的理由认为构成欺诈或重大过失或违反任何可适用法律、法规或守则的不当行为。

student claimant, in relation to a provider,—

(a)  means a person who—

(i) is an international student enrolled by the provider; or

(ii) is a former international student enrolled by the provider; or

(iii) intends to be, or is in the process of being, enrolled by the provider as an  international student; and

(b)  includes a parent or legal guardian of a person in paragraph (a)

学生请求权人，就提供方而言

(a)  指该人

(i) 是提供方录取的国际学生；或

(ii) 是提供方以前录取过的国际学生；或

(iii) 打算或正在被提供方录取为国际学生；以及

(b)  包括(a)款中该人的父母或法定监护人

systemic issue means an issue that has material implications that not only affect the parties to a particular dispute but also relate to the systems, processes, or conduct of the provider who is the subject of a claim.

系统性问题指具有重大影响的问题，它不仅影响到某一特定争议的当事人，而且还涉及到作为请求对象的提供方的系统、程序或行为。

(2) A term that is used in these rules and defined in the Act but not in these rules has the same    meaning as in the Act.

(图片来源于网络）

Part 1 Dispute resolution process

第一部分 争议解决程序

4 How to initiate dispute

如何发起争议解决

(1) A student claimant may initiate a dispute against a provider by making a claim under the scheme to the DRS operator.

(2) A student claimant may make a claim under the scheme free of charge.

(3) The claim may be made in writing or orally.

(4) The DRS operator must record in writing a claim made orally and confirm the record of the claim with the student claimant.

(5)The DRS operator must provide reasonable support (such as interpretation support) to enable a student claimant to make a claim.

(1)学生请求权人可根据本方案向DRS运营者提出请求，从而向提供方发起争议解决。

(2)学生请求权人可根据本方案免费提出请求。

(3)请求可以以书面或口头形式提出。

(4)DRS运营者必须以书面形式记录学生请求权人口头提出的请求，并与其确认请求记录。

(5)DRS运营者必须提供合理的支持（如口译支持）以帮助学生请求权人提出请求。

5 Initial response of DRS operator to dispute DRS运营者对争议的初步回应

The DRS operator must give written notice to the student claimant and to the provider within 10 working days after the claim is made that—

(a) acknowledges receipt of the claim and its nature; and

(b) states either that the dispute is accepted, or that the dispute is not covered by the DRS and explains why; and

(c) if appropriate, directs the student claimant to the code administrator or other appropriate authorities; and

(d) if the provider has not yet been given the opportunity to resolve the issue raised by the dispute, directs the student claimant to the provider.

DRS运营者必须在请求提出后的10个工作日内向学生请求权人和提供方发出书面通知：

(a)确认收到请求及其性质；和

(b)表明受理该争议，或表明该争议不在DRS的受理范围并解释原因；以及

(c)如果合适的话，引导学生请求权人向守则管理员或其他适当的机构求助；以及

(d)如果该争议提出的问题尚未经提供方处理，则引导学生请求权人向提供方求助。

6 When DRS operator may decline to accept dispute

DRS运营者何时可以拒绝受理争议

The DRS operator may decline to accept a dispute for resolution under the scheme if the DRS operator considers that the scheme does not cover the dispute for 1 or more of the following reasons:

如果DRS运营者认为，基于以下一个或多个原因，某争议不在本方案受理范围内，DRS运营者可以拒绝受理该争议：

(a) the provider has not been given an opportunity to resolve the issue raised by the dispute:

(b) the dispute is being addressed in another forum:

(c) the dispute would be more appropriately dealt with by a court, tribunal, or other authority:

(d) the dispute has been previously dealt with under the scheme:

(e) the claim is frivolous or vexatious:

(f) given the age of the dispute, it is no longer feasible to gather sufficient evidence or other information for resolution of the dispute under the scheme.

(a) 该争议提出的问题尚未经提供方处理：

(b) 该争议正通过其他途径解决：

(c) 该争议由法院、法庭或其他机构处理更为合适：

(d) 该争议已根据本方案进行过处理：

(e) 所提请求为无意义或恶意请求：

(f) 考虑到争议发生的年代久远，已无法再收集足够的证据或其他信息以根据本方案解决争议。

7 General approach to resolving disputes 解决争议的一般方法

The DRS operator must consider and deal with a dispute in a timely, cost-effective, and fair manner and, in particular, in a way that—

(a) encourages the parties to work towards a mutually agreed solution; and

(b) maximises the use of consensual measures to resolve the dispute, that is, favouring negotiation and mediation before adjudication, unless negotiation and mediation are not appropriate for resolving the dispute; and

(c) takes the views of the parties into account in the decision on measures to resolve the dispute; and

(d) is consistent with the principles of natural justice; and

(e) is on a without prejudice basis.

DRS运营者必须及时、有效且公平地看待和处理争议，尤其要做到：

(a)鼓励各方努力达成双方同意的解决方案；以及

(b)最大限度地利用协商一致的措施来解决争议，即倾向于在裁决之前进行协商和调解，除非协商和调解不适合解决该争议；以及

(c)在决定争议解决措施时考虑到各方的意见；以及

(d)符合自然正义的原则；并且

(e)在不损害权益规则的基础上进行。

8 DRS operator must ensure parties are aware of conditions of scheme

DRS运营者必须确保各方知悉本方案的条件

The DRS operator must ensure that the parties to the dispute are aware of the conditions of entering the scheme, including the following conditions:

(a) [Revoked]

(b) [Revoked]

(c) rule 9(5) (confidentiality of negotiation and mediation):

(d) rule 27 (DRS operator must report systemic issues, serious misconduct, and breach of rules).

DRS运营者必须确保争议各当事方知悉启用本方案的条件，包括以下条件：

(a) [废止]

(b) [废止]

(c) 第9(5)条（协商和调解的保密性）：

(d)第27条（DRS运营者必须报告系统性问题、严重不当行为和违反规则的情况）。

8A DRS operator to inform parties of information sharing 

DRS运营者要告知各方信息共享的情况

Before it accepts or declines to accept a dispute, the DRS operator must inform the parties to the dispute of the following matters:

(a) how the DRS operator must perform or exercise its functions, powers, and duties under section 536A of the Act in resolving a dispute; and

(b) that certain information about the dispute—

(i) must be provided to a specified body on request made under section 536B of the Act; and

(ii) may be provided to a code administrator or a quality assurance agency under section 536C of the Act.

在受理或拒绝受理一项争议前，DRS运营者必须将以下事项告知争议各当事方：

(a) 在解决争议时，DRS运营者须如何履行或行使《法案》第536A条规定的职能、权力和职责；以及

(b) 有关该争议的某些信息

(i) 根据《法案》第536B条，必须应要求向特定机构提供；以及

(ii) 根据《法案》第536C条，可向守则管理员或质量保证机构提供。

(图片来源于网络）

9 How disputes may be resolved

解决争议的可能途径

(1) The DRS operator may decide to use any 1 or more of the following methods to resolve a dispute:

(a) negotiation:

(b) mediation:

(c) adjudication.

(1) DRS运营者可以决定使用以下任何一种或多种方法来解决争议：

(a) 协商：

(b) 调解：

(c) 裁决。

(2) The DRS operator may decide the procedures to be followed under the method selected, consistent with these rules.

(3) [Revoked]

(4) [Revoked]

(5) The process and outcome of dispute resolution by negotiation or mediation is confidential to the parties to the dispute.

(6) The DRS operator may direct the parties to a dispute to other appropriate authorities for assistance or interventions.

10 Disputes may be combined

争议可合并处理

The DRS operator may combine disputes for single resolution when the DRS operator considers that it is sensible to do so.

11 DRS operator may obtain information necessary for resolution of dispute in adjudication

DRS运营者可获取通过裁决解决争议所需的信息

(1) For the purpose of obtaining information necessary for the resolution of a dispute by adjudication, the DRS operator may make any inquiries that are fair and reasonable in the  circumstances.

(2) A party to a dispute being resolved by adjudication must supply any information requested by the DRS operator unless—

(a) the supply of the requested information would breach an obligation of confidence owed to a third person who has refused consent to the supply of the information; or

(b) the information is subject to legal professional privilege, or was provided to the party on a without prejudice basis; or

(c) the party does not have the information or it is not within its control.

(2) 正在通过裁决解决争议的一方当事人必须提供DRS运营者要求的任何信息，除非—

(a) 提供所要求的信息将违反对拒绝同意提供信息的第三人所承担的保密义务；或

(b) 该信息受法律专业保密权的约束，或是在不损害权益规则的基础上提供给该方；或

(c) 当事人没有该信息或该信息不在其控制范围内。

(3) In requesting information, the DRS operator may specify a reasonable time period within which the party concerned must supply the information.

(4) As soon as practicable after receiving a request by the DRS operator for information and in any event within any time period specified in the request, a party must—

(a) comply with the request; or

(b) object to supplying the information and give reasons why the party cannot or should not supply it.

(4) 一方在收到DRS运营者的信息要求后，在实际可行的情况下尽快，并在该要求所指明的任何时间段内，必须—

(a) 遵守该要求；或

(b) 反对提供相关信息，并给出该方不能或不应该提供相关信息的理由。

12 Failure to supply information in adjudication 未能在裁决中提供信息

(1) This rule applies where a party to a dispute being resolved by adjudication fails to comply with a request for information by the DRS operator and none of the exceptions in rule 11(2) apply.

(1) 本条适用于正在通过裁决解决争议的一方当事人没有遵守DRS运营者提出的信息要求，并且不适用第11(2)条中的例外情况。

(2) If the party is the student claimant, the DRS operator may decline to continue consideration of the dispute.

(2) 如果该方是学生请求权人，DRS运营者可以拒绝继续审议该争议。

(3) Whoever the party is, the DRS operator may proceed to resolve the dispute on the basis that an adverse inference may be drawn from the party’s failure to comply.

13 Use of information in adjudication

裁决中信息的使用

(1) For the purpose of resolving a dispute by adjudication, the DRS operator may consider any information obtained by it or supplied to it.

(1) 为了通过裁决解决争议，DRS运营者可以审议它所获得的或提供给它的任何信息。

(2) The DRS operator may assume that a party to a dispute consents to the full disclosure to other parties of information supplied by it, unless the party supplying the information expressly limits disclosure.

14 DRS operator must keep parties informed 

DRS运营者必须保障各方的知情权

The DRS operator must—

(a) keep the parties to a dispute informed; and

(b) ensure that each party has a reasonable opportunity to be informed of, and to respond to, the arguments or submissions of the other parties.

DRS运营者必须：

(a) 让争议各方了解情况；并且

(b) 确保每一方都有合理的机会获知和回应其他各方的论点或意见。

15 Mediator or adjudicator must be independent of parties to dispute

调解员或审裁员必须独立于争议各方

The DRS operator must appoint as a mediator or an adjudicator in a dispute under the scheme only a person who is independent of the parties to the dispute.

(图片来源于网络）

16 Decision by adjudicator 

审裁员的决定

(1) The adjudicator in a dispute, before making a final decision, must give the parties notice of his or her proposed decision reached on the basis of information held by the DRS operator.

(1) 争议审裁员在作出最终决定前，必须向各方发出通知，说明其根据DRS运营者所掌握的信息而作出的拟议决定。

(2) The adjudicator’s notice of the proposed decision must be in writing and must allow a period of 10 working days after sending the notice for the parties to make further submissions and for further consideration of the dispute.

(2) 审裁员的拟议决定通知必须是书面的，并且必须在发送通知后10个工作日内允许各方进一步提交意见，并对争议进行进一步审议。

(3) If the dispute is not resolved within the 10-working-day period, and after considering any further submissions received from the parties, the adjudicator may make a final decision in the dispute, which decision may differ from the proposed decision notified to the parties.

(3) 如果争议在10个工作日内没有得到解决，在审议了各方进一步提交的意见后，审裁员可以对争议做出最终决定，该决定可能与通知各方的拟议决定不同。

(4) The adjudicator must give notice in writing to the parties of the final decision and the reasons for the decision.

17 When final decision binding

最终决定何时具有约束力

A final decision becomes binding on the parties to a dispute on the date that notice is given in accordance with rule 16(4).

18 Remedies under final decision in dispute resolved by adjudication

对裁决解决争议的最终决定的救济措施

An adjudicator in a dispute may direct the following remedies:

(a) that the provider pay the student claimant an amount not exceeding $200,000:

(b) that the provider take any other action directed by the adjudicator to remedy the matter complained about:

(c) that the provider provide non-monetary redress for any loss or damage suffered:

(d) that the provider cease the conduct that has given rise to the claim.

争议审裁员可以指定以下救济措施：

(a) 提供方向学生请求权人支付不超过200,000元（新西兰元）：

(b) 提供方采取审裁员所指示的任何其他行动，以救济被投诉的事项：

(c) 提供方为学生请求权人所遭受的任何损失或损害提供非货币补偿：

(d) 提供方停止引发学生请求权人投诉的行为。

19 Termination of dispute resolution process 争议解决程序的终止

A dispute resolution process under the scheme is terminated if—

(a) the parties notify the DRS operator in writing that they have entered into an agreed settlement; or

(b) the student claimant notifies the DRS operator in writing that he or she withdraws the claim and the DRS operator is satisfied that the student claimant has not been coerced into withdrawing; or

(c) the student claimant notifies the DRS operator in writing that he or she intends to apply to another authority (such as a court or tribunal) for resolution of the dispute; or

(d) the DRS operator determines that the dispute is not covered by the scheme; or

(e) the student claimant has failed to comply with an information request and the DRS operator notifies the student claimant in writing that it declines to continue consideration of the dispute; or

(f) [Revoked]

出现下列情况，本方案的争议解决程序终止：

(a) 各方以书面形式通知 DRS 运营者他们已经达成和解；或者

(b) 学生请求权人以书面形式通知 DRS 运营者要求撤回请求，并且 DRS 运营者确信该学生请求权人非因被胁迫而撤回；或者

(c) 学生请求权人以书面形式通知DRS运营者其打算向另一机构（如法院或法庭）申请解决争议；或

(d) DRS运营者确定该争议不属于本方案受理范围；或

(e) 学生请求权人未遵守信息要求，且DRS运营者书面通知学生请求权人拒绝继续审议该争议；或

(f) [废止]

(图片来源于网络）

20 Application to District Court

向地区法院提出申请

A student claimant, a provider, or the DRS operator may apply to the District Court for, and the District Court may make, an order in accordance with section 538 of the Act—

(a) requiring a provider to comply with the rules of the DRS; or

(b) requiring a claimant or provider to give effect to any binding resolution; or

(c) modifying a resolution where its terms are manifestly unreasonable, before giving effect to it.

学生请求权人、提供方或DRS运营者可以向地区法院申请，而地区法院可以根据《法案》第538条发布命令，即：

(a) 要求提供方遵守DRS的规则；或

(b) 要求请求权人或提供方执行任何有约束力的决议；或

(c) 决议执行前修改决议中明显不合理的条款。

原文链接：https://legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/2016/0042/latest/whole.html#DLM6748715