法律翻译｜《纽约市人权法案》修正案 ——禁止就业、住房和公共服务设施领域基于身高或体重的歧视

译者 | 鲁安妮 复旦大学LL.B.

一审 | 陈飞越 爱丁堡LL.M.

二审 | 戚若音 UCB LL.M.

编辑 | NYZ 武汉大学本科

         于杰 上海对外经贸大学本科

责编 | 王有蓉 中国政法大学硕士

The New York City Council

Int. No. 209-A

《纽约市人权法案》修正案

——禁止就业、住房和公共服务设施领域基于身高或体重的歧视[1]

作为世界闻名的国际化都市，纽约每年都会吸引大量留学生前往学习和就业。然而，在就业、住房、公共服务设施等领域，各类歧视屡见不鲜。为保护人们免受歧视，《纽约市行政法典》第8条——《纽约市人权法案》（NYC Human Rights Law, Title 8 of the Administrative Code of the City of New York）规定了禁止歧视的特征清单，包括种族、肤色、宗教信仰等特征。

2023年5月26日，纽约市市长埃里克·亚当斯（Eric Adams）签署了一项《纽约市人权法案》修正案，将身高和体重纳入该清单。该法案于今年11月22日生效后，纽约市人权委员会将对所有针对身高和体重歧视的投诉进行调查。

纽约市是继密歇根州、旧金山市、宾汉姆顿市等地后又一明文禁止身高和体重歧视的地区。该法案由纽约市议会议员肖恩·阿布鲁（Shaun Abreu）发起，他表示，自己在新冠疫情封锁期间增重40磅后，遭遇了截然不同的对待[2]。

亚当斯市长认为，“该法案有助于为所有纽约市民提供公平的竞争环境，创造更具包容性的工作场所和生活环境。”[3]然而纽约市议会少数派领袖、共和党议员约瑟夫·博雷利（Joseph Borelli）对该法案表示担忧，认为其将赋予纽约市民“起诉任何人和任何事”的权力[4]。

（图片源于网络）

A Local Law to amend the administrative code of the city of New York, in relation to prohibiting discrimination on the basis of a person’s height or weight in employment, housing, and public accommodations

Be it enacted by the Council as follows:

Section 1. Section 8-101 of the administrative code of the city of New York, as amended by local law number 58 for the year 2020, is amended to read as follows:

§ 8-101 Policy. In the city of New York, with its great cosmopolitan population, there is no greater danger to the health, morals, safety and welfare of the city and its inhabitants than the existence of groups prejudiced against one another and antagonistic to each other because of their actual or perceived differences, including those based on race, color, creed, age, national origin, immigration or citizenship status, gender, sexual orientation, disability, marital status, partnership status, caregiver status, sexual and reproductive health decisions, uniformed service, height, weight, any lawful source of income, status as a victim of domestic violence or [status] as a victim of sex offenses or stalking, whether children are, may be or would be residing with a person, or conviction or arrest record.

The council hereby finds and declares that prejudice,intolerance,bigotry,and discrimination, bias-related violence or harassment and disorder occasioned thereby threaten the rights and proper privileges of its inhabitants and menace the institutions and foundation of a free democratic state. The council further finds and declares that gender-based harassment threatens the terms, conditions, and privileges of employment.

议会在此认定并宣布，偏见、偏狭、偏执、歧视、与偏见有关的暴力或骚扰以及由此造成的骚乱威胁着居民的权利和适当的特权，同时威胁着自由民主国家的制度和基础。议会进一步认定并宣布，基于性别的骚扰威胁着就业条件、待遇和权益。

A city agency is hereby created with power to eliminate and prevent discrimination from playing any role in actions relating to employment, public accommodations, and housing and other real estate, and to take other actions against prejudice, intolerance, bigotry, discrimination, sexual harassment, and bias-related violence or harassment as herein provided; and the commission established hereunder is hereby given general jurisdiction and power for such purposes.

（图片源于网络）

§ 2. Paragraphs a, b, c, and d of subdivision 1 of section 8-107 of the administrative code of the city of New York, as amended by local law number 58 for the year 2020, are amended to read as follows:

[1. Employment. It shall be an unlawful discriminatory practice:][5]

[1. 就业方面。以下行为应被视为非法的歧视行为：]

(a)For an employer or an employee or agent thereof, because of the actual or perceived age, race, creed, color, national origin, gender, disability, marital status, partnership status, caregiver status, sexual and reproductive health decisions, sexual orientation, uniformed service, height, weight, or immigration or citizenship status of any person:

(1)To represent that any employment or position is not available when in fact it is available;

(2)To refuse to hire or employ or to bar or to discharge from employment such person; or

(3)To discriminate against such person in compensation or in terms, conditions or privileges of employment.

(a)雇主、雇员或其代理人，因某人实际或被认为的年龄、种族、宗教信仰、肤色、国籍、性别、残障、婚姻状况、伴侣关系状况、照护者身份、性和生殖健康决策、性取向、在役或退伍军人身份、身高、体重或移民或公民身份：

(1)在事实上有某项就业机会或职位的情况下，向该人声称没有；

(2)拒绝聘用或雇用该人，或禁止其就业，或将其解雇；

(3)在薪酬或就业条件、待遇或权益方面歧视该人。

(b)For an employment agency or an employee or agent thereof to discriminate against any person because of such person’s actual or perceived age, race, creed, color, national origin, gender, disability, marital status, partnership status, caregiver status, sexual and reproductive health decisions, sexual orientation, uniformed service, height, weight, or immigration or citizenship status in receiving, classifying, disposing or otherwise acting upon applications for its services, including by representing to such person that any employment or position is not available when in fact it is available, or in referring an applicant or applicants for its services to an employer or employers.

(c)For a labor organization or an employee or agent thereof, because of the actual or perceived age, race, creed, color, national origin, gender, disability, marital status, partnership status, caregiver status, sexual and reproductive health decisions, sexual orientation, uniformed service, height, weight, or immigration or citizenship status of any person, to exclude or to expel from its membership such person, to represent that membership is not available when it is in fact available, or to discriminate in any way against any of its members or against any employer or any person employed by an employer.

(d)For any employer, labor organization or employment agency or an employee or agent thereof to declare, print or circulate or cause to be declared, printed or circulated any statement, advertisement or publication, or to use any form of application for employment or to make any inquiry in connection with prospective employment, which expresses, directly or indirectly, any limitation, specification or discrimination as to age, race, creed, color, national origin, gender, disability, marital status, partnership status, caregiver status, sexual and reproductive health decisions, sexual orientation, uniformed service, height, weight, or immigration or citizenship status, or any intent to make any such limitation, specification or discrimination.

（图片源于网络）

§ 3. Subdivision 1 of section 8-107 of the administrative code of the city of New York is amended by adding a new paragraph g to read as follows:

第3条 《纽约市行政法典》第8-107条第1款增加(g)项：

(g) (1) The provisions of this subdivision relating to height and weight shall not apply to an action by a covered entity based on a person’s height or weight when such action is

(A)required by federal, state, or local law or regulation, or

(B)permitted by regulation adopted by the commission identifying particular jobs or categories of jobs for which

(i)a person’s height or weight could prevent performing the essential requisites of the job, and

(ii)the commission has not found alternative action that covered entities could reasonably take to allow persons who do not meet the height or weight criteria to perform the essential requisites of the job or category of jobs, or

(B)经委员会制定的法规所允许而确定特定工作或工作类别，对于该项工作或该类工作：

(i)某人的身高或体重可能使其无法完成该工作的基本要求；并且，

(ii)委员会未找到该实体可以合理采取的替代措施，使不符合身高或体重标准的人能够完成该项工作或该类工作的基本要求；或，

(C)permitted by regulation adopted by the commission identifying particular jobs or categories of jobs for which consideration of height or weight criteria is reasonably necessary for the execution of the normal operations of such covered entity.

(2)In instances where a covered entity’s action is not required by law or regulation or permitted by regulation as described in paragraph 1, it shall be an affirmative defense that

(A)a person’s height or weight prevents the person from performing the essential requisites of the job, and there is no alternative action the covered entity could reasonably take that would allow the person to perform the essential requisites of the job, or

(B)the covered entity’s decision based on height or weight criteria is reasonably necessary for the execution of the normal operations of such covered entity.

(3)Nothing in this subdivision shall prevent a covered entity from offering incentives that support weight management as part of a voluntary wellness program.

§ 4. Paragraphs b, c, and d of subdivision 2 of section 8-107 of the administrative code of the city of New York, as amended by local law number 58 for the year 2020, are amended to read as follows:

（图片源于网络）

[2. Apprentice training programs. It shall be an unlawful discriminatory practice for an employer, labor organization, employment agency or any joint labor-management committee controlling apprentice training programs or an employee or agent thereof:]

(b)To deny to or withhold from any person because of such person’s actual or perceived race, creed, color, national origin, gender, age, disability, marital status, partnership status, caregiver status, sexual and reproductive health decisions, sexual orientation, uniformed service, height, weight, immigration or citizenship status, or status as a victim of domestic violence or as a victim of sex offenses or stalking the right to be admitted to or participate in a guidance program, an apprentice training program, on-the-job training program, or other occupational training or retraining program, or to represent that such program is not available when in fact it is available.

(c)To discriminate against any person in such person’s pursuit of such program or to discriminate against such a person in the terms, conditions or privileges of such program because of actual or perceived race, creed, color, national origin, gender, age, disability, marital status, partnership status, caregiver status, sexual and reproductive health decisions, sexual orientation, uniformed service, height, weight, immigration or citizenship status, or status as a victim of domestic violence or as a victim of sex offenses or stalking.

(c)因某人实际或被认为的种族、宗教信仰、肤色、国籍、性别、年龄、残障、婚姻状况、伴侣关系状况、照护者身份、性和生殖健康决策、性取向、在役或退伍军人身份、身高、体重、移民或公民身份，或因某人是家庭暴力、性犯罪或跟踪罪受害者，在其试图参与前述项目时，或在该项目的条件、待遇或权益方面，对其进行歧视。

(d)To declare, print or circulate or cause to be declared, printed or circulated any statement, advertisement or publication, or to use any form of application for such program or to make any inquiry in connection with such program which expresses, directly or indirectly, any limitation, specification or discrimination as to race, creed, color, national origin, gender, age, disability, marital status, partnership status, caregiver status, sexual and reproductive health decisions, sexual orientation, uniformed service, height, weight, immigration or citizenship status, or status as a victim of domestic violence or as a victim of sex offenses or stalking, or any intent to make any such limitation, specification or discrimination.