为何如今的电影变得如此冗长? | 经济学人文化
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英文部分选自经济学人20231021期文化板块
Culture | Movie marathons
文化|电影马拉松
Why films have become so ridiculously long
为何如今的电影变得如此冗长?
Popular films are nearly 50% longer today than in the 1930s
如今的大众电影比20世纪30年代长近一半
Want to know what is coming soon to a cinema near you? Probably not an hour-and-a-half-long movie, as in the old days. This year audiences have endured the longest instalments yet in the “Indiana Jones”, “John Wick” and “Mission: Impossible” franchises. “Oppenheimer”, Christopher Nolan’s three-hour blockbuster, required 11 miles (18km) of film stock for Imax showings.
想知道附近电影院有什么待映影片?过去那种一个半小时完事儿的电影大概率是看不到了。今年,观众们耐着性子看完了《夺宝奇兵》(Indiana Jones)、《疾速追杀》(John Wick)和《碟中谍》(Mission: Impossible)系列电影最新也是最长的续集。克里斯托弗·诺兰(Christopher Nolan)执导的三小时巨制《奥本海默》(Oppenheimer),IMAX放映胶片长达11英里(18公里)。
On October 20th comes “Killers of the Flower Moon” (pictured), a grisly western from the director Martin Scorsese. At nearly three and a half hours, its length is nearly double that of the average film last year. Even movie buffs struggle to concentrate for that long. During the premiere at theCannes Film Festival in May, some viewers dozed off. Afterwards there was a mad dash (and long queue) for the toilets. When did watching a film become such a slog?
马丁·斯科塞斯(Martin Scorsese)执导的西部犯罪片《花月杀手》(Killers of the Flower Moon,剧照如图)于10月20日上映,全片长达近三个半小时,几乎是去年电影平均时长的两倍。即使是资深影迷,也很难在如此之长的时间内不走神。五月,《花月杀手》在戛纳电影节首映时,有些观众还打起了盹。映后,大家集体冲向洗手间(导致洗手间外排长龙)。看电影从何时起成了一件苦差事?
The Economist analysed over 100,000 feature films released internationally since the 1930s, the start of Hollywood’s golden age, using data from IMDb, a movie database. The average length of productions has crept up by around 24%, from one hour and 21 minutes in the 1930s to one hour and 47 minutes in 2022 (see chart). Blockbusters are the worst offenders. For the ten most-popular titles (measured by how many reviewers rated the films on IMDb) average lengths stretched to around two and a half hours in 2022, nearly 50% higher than in the 1930s.
基于电影数据库IMDb的数据,本刊分析了自20世纪30年代(好莱坞黄金时代就此开始)以来在全球院线上映的10万余部剧情片。电影的平均时长上升了24%左右:从30年代的1小时21分增长到2022年的1小时47分(见图表)。最“超长”的都是大制作。2022年,十大热门电影(基于IMDb的打分人数)的平均时长达到了两个半小时左右,比20世纪30年代增长了近50%。
Film-makers began churning out protracted pictures in the early 1960s. Cinema was booming and auteurs wanted to distinguish their art from television. Epics graced the silver screen, including“Lawrence of Arabia” (1962), which surpassed the three-and-a-half hour mark, and “Cleopatra” (1963), which originally exceeded four hours but was later cut down. Back then, audiences enjoyed an intermission while the projectionist prepared the reels for the next act. Runtimes of popular films ebbed and flowed over subsequent decades (and stretched long in some countries, such as India, known for its Bollywood sagas). But they have ballooned since 2018.
20世纪60年代初,电影制作人开始大批量制作长电影。影院生意越来越好,电影导演要彰显电影艺术与电视的不同。恢弘巨制登上大银幕,如时长超过三个半小时的《阿拉伯的劳伦斯》(1962年上映)与原片时长超过4小时的《埃及艳后》(1963年上映,后被删剪)。那时,观众可以在放映员准备电影下一幕的胶片时休息一下。在接下来的几十年中,热门电影的片长有浮动(一些国家的电影都很长,比如以宝莱坞传奇电影而闻名的印度)。但自2018年以来,热门电影的时长一直在上升。
Franchises are one driver of this trend. Studios want to squeeze the most out of their costly intellectual property, but they are competing with streaming platforms for eyeballs. The hope is that a spectacular, drawn-out “event” movie will tempt audiences away from the small screen and into cinemas. This approach has often paid off:“Avengers: Endgame” (2019), Marvel’s three-hour superhero extravaganza, was the highest-grossing film in 2019. Last year long franchise movies made up most of the highest-grossing films in America.
系列电影助力了这一趋势。电影公司希望能把花大价钱买来的的产权用到极致,同时他们也要和流媒体平台竞争,争取关注。电影公司希望拍出一部宏大的现象级电影,吸引观众离开小屏幕,走进电影院。这么做颇有成效:2019年上映的漫威超级英雄大片《复仇者联盟4:终局之战》占据当年的票房榜榜首。去年,美国最高票房电影中的大部分都是长篇系列电影。
Anything that lures people off their couches to see a film in theatres is good news for cinemas. But protracted runtimes also pose a “fundamental problem”, complains Clare Binns, managing director of Picturehouse, a British cinema group and film distributor. Long movies can mean forgoing two showings per night, which hurts ticket sales and profits.
对于电影院来说,只要能吸引观众从沙发上爬起来去影院观影,那都是好事。不过,英国院线集团兼发行商Picturehouse的总经理克莱尔·宾斯(Clare Binns)也抱怨道,过长的放映时间会带来一个“根本性问题”。由于电影时长增加,电影院不能一晚上放两场电影,这会影响到电影票房和盈利。
Another explanation for longer films has to do with directors’ growing clout. Who would dare tell the likes of Mr Nolan to trim his masterpieces? Streamers, which do not have to worry as much about concision because viewers can pause whenever they like, may lure big names with deep pockets and promises of creative freedom. “Killers of the Flower Moon” will debut on AppleTV+ after its theatrical run. Netflix funded and released Mr Scorsese’s equally long“The Irishman” in 2019, a film that would have benefited from a decisive editor, Irish or otherwise.
电影时长增加的另一大原因也许是导演的影响力正在日益增强。谁敢叫诺兰这样的大导演去缩短电影时长?相比之下,流媒体平台就不必担心电影时长的问题,因为观影者可以随时暂停。因此,为了能有充分的创作自由,一些财大气粗的大导演可能会为流媒体所吸引。《花月杀手》(Killers of the Flower Moon)将在影院下映后于AppleTV+上线。Netflix于2019年资助并推出了同样时长的《爱尔兰人》(The Irishman)。要是剪辑师有够果断,不管他是不是爱尔兰人,这部影片都会因此更上一层楼。
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