法律翻译 | 伊朗的抗议运动是一场女权主义的起义

译者：段依辰 中国人民大学B.A. in Philosophy & LL.B.

审稿：郑晨焕 WUSTL LL.M

        Jessie PKU LLM

编辑：杨蒙恩 烟台大学本科

责编：王冰子 烟台大学本科

Iran’s Protest Movement is a Feminist Uprising

伊朗的抗议运动是一场女权主义的起义

Written by Elaheh Pooyandeh

作者：埃拉赫·普扬德（Elaheh Pooyandeh）

It is my belief that the protest movement that has swept Iran since Sep. 16 is a feminist uprising.

我相信，自9月16日以来席卷伊朗的抗议运动是一场女权主义的起义。

It all started with the death of Mahsa Amini, a 22-year-old Iranian woman who was detained for wearing what was termed “improper hijab” — i.e., failure to adequately comply with Iran’s mandatory head-covering requirement for women. She was taken into custody on Sep. 13 by the Gashte Ershad (Guidance Patrol), a law enforcement agency known commonly to English speakers as Iran’s morality police. Three days later, she died in the hospital.

这一切都始于玛莎·阿米尼(Mahsa Amini)的死亡，她是一名22岁的伊朗妇女，因戴着所谓的“不适当头巾”（即未能充分遵守伊朗对妇女的强制性头巾要求）而被拘留。她于9月13日被Gashte Ershad (Guidance Patrol:指导巡逻队)拘留，这是一个通常被西方世界称为伊朗“道德警察”的执法机构。三天后，她在医院去世。

Officials stated that Amini’s death was attributable to a pre-existing health condition. But her family disputes this claim, based in part on the accounts of other women who were detained alongside her, provoking widespread public anger.

伊朗官方表示，阿米尼的死亡可归因于既有的健康问题。但她的家人对这一说法提出异议，部分依据是与她一起被拘留的其他女性的叙述，这引发了公众对于官方说法的广泛愤怒。

In this piece, I will explore Iran’s controversial recent history of compulsory hijab policies, the circumstances surrounding arrests such as Amini’s, and other examples of systemic violations of women’s rights under Iran’s legal system.

在这篇文章中，我将探讨伊朗有争议的强制性头巾政策的近期历史、阿米尼等人被捕的情况以及伊朗法律制度下系统性侵犯妇女权利的其他事例。

The Rise of Iran’s Hijab Requirement

伊朗的头巾要求的缘起

Following Iran’s 1979 revolution, it became a top national priority to make everything Islamic. Islamists were not the only faction who participated in the revolution, but they were presumably the most powerful one, and thus the one that took the power. Just days after taking power in the revolution’s aftermath, Ayatollah Khomeini began discussing a compulsory hijab order. While many women chose to wear hijab at the time, this wasn’t true for all. Thus the policy discussions led to widespread demonstrations, including famously on International Women’s Day — March 8, 1979. As a result of the uproar, the policy discussion was walked back, and the authorities announced they had merely meant to invite women to don hijab.

在伊朗1979年革命之后，使一切伊斯兰化成为国家的首要任务。伊斯兰主义者不是参与革命的唯一派系，但他们可能是最强大的派系，因此也成为了掌握政权的派系。就在革命结束后刚掌权几天后，阿亚图·拉霍梅尼(Ayatollah Khomeini)开始讨论强制性头巾政策。虽然当时许多女性选择戴头巾，但并非所有人都如此。因此，政策讨论导致了广泛的示威活动，其中包括发生在1979年国际妇女节的示威活动。由于引发了骚动，当局暂缓了政策讨论，并宣布他们只是想邀请女性戴头巾。

But less than two years later, the penal code was amended to impose the hijab requirement.

但不到两年后，刑法典被修订，规定了强制佩戴头巾的要求。

Presently, hijab is dealt with in Article 638 of the penal code, which pertains to haram — acts or omissions that are forbidden under Islamic law and are thus punishable in the afterlife. The Article states in relevant part: “Women who appear in public without prescribed Islamic dress (hejab-e-shar’i), shall be sentenced to either imprisonment of between 10 days and 2 months, or a fine of between 50,000 and 500,000 rials.”

目前，伊朗《刑法典》第638条涉及头巾问题，该条涉及"哈姆"(haram)——即伊斯兰法律所禁止的行为或不行为，因此在来世应受到惩罚。该条款的相关部分规定“不穿规定的伊斯兰服装(hejab-e-shar'i)出现在公共场合的妇女，应被判处10天至2个月的监禁，或处以50,000至500,000里亚尔罚款。”

Article 36 of the Iranian constitution states: “The passing and execution of a sentence must be only by a competent court and in accordance with law,” but over time, various police forces have come to enforce the hijab requirement in the courts’ stead.

伊朗《宪法》第36条规定：“判决的通过和执行只能由主管法院依法进行”，但后来日渐发展成为由各种警察部队开始代替法院执行头巾要求。

Most recently, this responsibility seems to have fallen to the Gashte Ershad. These officers will position themselves in public spaces, and if they see a woman with so-called improper hijab, they will confront her, and either require her to adjust her clothing for increased modesty, or take her to headquarters to wait until a family member can bring a more appropriate clothing item. Though such detentions don’t in themselves create criminal records, the humiliation, fear, and threat of familial involvement they create serve as powerful deterrents. Accordingly, the legal justifications underlying this process have long been subject to questions, and reports link the practice to the heightened risk of such psychiatric conditions as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as well as to domestic violence in relatively conservative households.

最近，这一责任似乎落到了指导巡逻队(Gashte Erhad)身上。这些警察会站在公共场所，如果他们看到一名女性戴着所谓不合适的头巾，他们就会当面质问她，要么要求她调整衣服，让她更加端庄谦逊，要么把她带到总部，直到其家庭成员能带来更合适的衣服。虽然这样的拘留本身不会留下犯罪记录，但它们所造成的羞辱、恐惧和家庭参与的威胁是一种强有力的威慑。因此，这一过程背后的法律依据长期以来一直受到质疑，有报告称这种做法与创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)等精神疾病的风险增加有关，也与相对保守的家庭中的家庭暴力有关。

The Last Straw After Years of Discrimination

多年歧视以来的最后一根稻草

For a variety of reasons, the public seems largely to have sided with Amini’s family and witness accounts of her mistreatment while in police custody over the official cause-of-death reports.

出于各种原因，公众似乎在很大程度上支持阿米尼的家人和目击者对她在警方拘留期间受到虐待的描述，而不是官方的死因报告。

First, medical reports claiming she died of an underlying condition were generated by organs of the judicial system and medical examiners’ offices that fall under the governing authorities’ control. Their true commitment to justice and truth have often been called into question given Iran’s history of coverups, show trials, and seemingly biased prosecutorial decisions.

首先，声称她死于基础疾病的医疗报告是由受当局控制的司法系统的机关和法医办公室出具的。鉴于伊朗掩盖事实、作秀审判和明显有偏见的起诉决定的历史，他们对正义和真相的真正承诺经常受到质疑。

In addition, Amini’s death may have been the straw that broke the camel’s back, but it was not an isolated incident. The women of Iran have faced a barrage of discriminatory acts and human rights violations over the years, spurring them to fight for equality through education, awareness raising, lobbying, political action, civil society initiatives, media outlets, social media, and any other potentially conducive settings.

此外，阿米尼的死可能是压垮骆驼的那根稻草，但这并不是一个孤立的事件。多年来，伊朗妇女面临一连串的歧视行为和侵犯人权行为，促使她们通过教育、认识提高、游说、政治行动、民间社会倡议、媒体、社交媒体和任何其他潜在的有利平台争取平等。

One example of an inequality that advocates fought to remedy was an unofficial ban on women watching men’s football. Though there was no official legal ban to this extent, women were until very recently routinely denied access to men’s football stadiums based on the idea that male-dominated environments were unsuitable for them. It took years of effort for women to regain the right to enjoy the sport.

伊朗妇女运动的倡导者们为纠正不平等而斗争的一个例子是针对禁止女性观看男子足球比赛的非官方禁令。虽然法律没有明文禁止，但直到最近，伊朗女性仍经常被拒绝进入男子足球场，理由是男性主导的环境不适合她们。伊朗女性经过多年的努力才重新获得享受这项运动的权利。

Another example can be found in Iran’s system of punitive rewards. Dieh is an Islamic institution and a form of punishment whereby a perpetrator of certain crimes is required to pay a specific sum to their victims. Under Islam, and as subsequently enacted in Iran’s penal code, women were eligible to receive half the dieh men were. In the past, this was justified by the assertion that men were the primary breadwinners, but this is no longer a universal truth. Thus this inequality has attracted fervent opposition over the years. In May 2019, the General Board of the Supreme Court decreed that dieh payments should be equal for all Iranians. Notably, this decision was not codified, and it’s not a perfect fix. Specifically, the government — not the perpetrator — is responsible for making up the missing half of a woman’s dieh payment. Still, this was a half-step in the right direction.

另一个例子是关于伊朗的惩罚性奖励制度。惩罚（Dieh）是伊斯兰教的一种制度，也是一种惩罚形式，在这种惩罚中要求某些罪行的犯罪者向受害者支付特定金额。根据伊斯兰教以及随后颁布的伊朗刑法典的规定，妇女有资格获得男子一半的dieh。过去可以用男子是主要经济支柱来声辩，但这已不再是一个普遍的真理。因此，这种不平等多年来一直遭到强烈反对。2019年5月，伊朗最高法院总委员会下令，所有伊朗人的deih支付应平等。值得注意的是，这个决定没有被纳入法典，这也不是一个完美的解决方案。具体而言，政府——而不是犯罪者——有责任弥补妇女deih支付款项中缺失的一半。尽管如此，这仍然是朝着正确方向迈出的半步。

Many battles remain to be fought. Virgins are still unauthorized to marry without the consent of their father or a court. Married women face enormous legal hurdles if they wish to seek a divorce. Husbands can legally ban their wives from working. A married woman cannot obtain a passport without her husband’s permission, and the latter can legally prohibit his wife from going abroad. And while these issues remain unresolved, Iranian rights advocates have found myriad creative ways to resist them, often paying considerable prices to do so.

伊朗女权主义运动者仍有很多硬战要打。例如，未经父亲或法院同意，处女仍然不得结婚。已婚妇女如果想离婚，将面临着巨大的法律障碍。丈夫可以合法地禁止妻子工作。未经丈夫允许，已婚妇女不能获得护照，丈夫可以合法地禁止妻子出国。虽然这些问题仍未得到解决，但伊朗的维权人士已经找到了无数创造性的方式来抵制这些问题，并为此付出了相当大的代价。

What is unfolding today in the streets of Iran is a feminist uprising. Women and men alike are demanding equality, even in the face of opposition from the government and more conservative pockets of society.

如今在伊朗街头展开的是一场女权主义的起义。即使面对来自政府和更保守的社会阶层的反对，女性和男性一样都要求平等。

Widespread support for gender equality can be seen across the country, in cities big and small. Beyond the protests, the Gashte Ershad has remained visibly absent as many women have begun appearing publicly without hijab.

在全国各地，无论大小城市，都可以看到对性别平等的广泛支持。除了抗议活动之外，随着许多妇女开始不戴头巾公开露面，指导巡逻队(Gashte Ershad)明显缺席。

This is indisputable evidence that as a society our mindsets are changing. There is no looking back now. Sometimes, laws are crafted to guide people along certain paths and to spawn changes for better. But sometimes laws fail to keep pace with the people they seek to govern, requiring decisive policy changes. This is where Iranians are now and I am hopeful.

这是无可争辩的证据，表明社会整体的心态正在变化。开弓没有回头箭。有时，制定法律是为了引导人们沿着特定道路前进，并产生更好的变化。但有时法律无法跟上他们所试图治理的人民的步伐，需要果断的政策改变。这就是伊朗人现在的处境，我对此也满怀希望。

【注】

原文发表时间：2022年10月26日

原文链接：https://www.jurist.org/commentary/2022/10/elaheh-pooyandeh-iran-feminist-movement/