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ChatGPT出手,谷歌请接招 ​| 经济学人社论

ChatGPT出手,谷歌请接招 ​| 经济学人社论

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1



导读

思维导图作者:

Summer,女,QE在职,梦想能仗走天涯 翻译/音乐/健康


02 第十五期翻译打卡营 

4位一笔,3位二笔
21天录播课程
既有中译英,也有英译中。
从翻译的流程策略,英汉语言特点,
方法,类型,背景知识到细致的语言点,
我们都逐一讲解以及答疑,让同学们吃透翻译。
点击下图,即可了解课程详情!




03 新手必读 

现在翻译组成员由牛津,耶鲁,LSE ,纽卡斯尔,曼大,爱大,圣三一,NUS,墨大,北大,北外,北二外,北语,外交,交大,人大,上外,浙大等70多名因为情怀兴趣爱好集合到一起的译者组成,组内现在有catti一笔20+,博士8人,如果大家有兴趣且符合条件请加入我们,可以参看帖子  我们招人啦!

五大翻译组成员介绍:http://navo.top/7zeYZn

1.关于阅读经济学人如何阅读经济学人?

2.TE||如何快速入门一个陌生知识领域超链,点击进入

3.为什么希望大家能点下右下角“在看”或者留言?
在看越多,留言越多,证明大家对翻译组的认可,因为我们不收大家任何费用,但是简单的点击一下在看,却能给翻译组成员带来无尽的动力,有了动力才能更好的为大家提供更好的翻译作品,也就能够找到更好的人,这是一个正向的循环。


2



听力|精读|翻译|词组

Leaders | Search engines

社论|搜索引擎大舞台

英文部分选自经济学人20230211社论版块

Leaders | Search engines
社论|搜索引擎大舞台

The battle for internet search
网络搜索之战

Will the AI chatbots eat Google’s lunch?
AI聊天机器人会和谷歌抢饭吃吗?
注释:eat one's lunch: To defeat sb.
 
For more than 25 years, search engines have been the internet’s front door. AltaVista, the first site to allow searches of the full text of the web, was swiftly dethroned by Google, which has dominated the field in most of the world ever since. Google’s search engine, still the heart of its business, has made its parent, Alphabet, one of the world’s most valuable companies, with revenues of $283bn in 2022 and a market capitalisation of $1.3trn. Google is not merely a household name; it is a verb.

25多年来,搜索引擎一直是互联网的门户。第一个允许网页全文检索的网站AltaVista问世不久,其地位便被谷歌取代。此后,在全世界绝大多数地区,谷歌一直是搜索领域的霸主。如今,谷歌的搜索引擎仍是其核心业务,其母公司Alphabet也因此成为世界上最有价值的公司之一,2022年营收2830亿美元,市值为1.3万亿美元。谷歌不仅是个家喻户晓的名字,更是一个动词:谷歌一下,你就知道。

But nothing lasts for ever, particularly in technology. Just ask IBM, which once ruled business computing, or Nokia, once the leader in mobile phones. Both were dethroned because they fumbled big technological transitions. Now tech firms are salivating over an innovation that might herald a similar shift—and a similar opportunity. Chatbots powered by artificial intelligence (AI) let users gather information via typed conversations. Leading the field is ChatGPT, made by OpenAI, a startup. By the end of January, two months after its launch, ChatGPT was being used by more than 100m people, making it the “fastest-growing consumer application in history”, according to UBS, a bank.

但花无百日红,尤其是在技术领域,没有什么是长久的。问问曾经统治商业计算的IBM或是昔日的移动手机老大哥诺基亚就知道了,它们都因为没能实现重大技术转型而被淘汰。现在,科技公司都在觊觎一项可能预示着类似转变和机遇的创新成果,即基于人工智能的聊天机器人,用户可以通过输入的对话来获取信息。该领域的领头羊是初创公司OpenAI的产品ChatGPT。瑞士联合银行(Union Bank of Switzerland)称,截至1月底,仅推出两个月的ChatGPT已经拥有超过1亿用户,成为“史上用户数量增长最快的消费者应用程序”

AI is already used behind the scenes in many products, but ChatGPT has put it centre stage, by letting people chat with an AI directly. ChatGPT can write essays in various styles, explain complex concepts, summarise text and answer trivia questions. It can even (narrowly) pass legal and medical exams. And it can synthesise knowledge from the web: for example, listing holiday spots that match certain criteria, or suggesting menus or itineraries. If asked, it can explain its reasoning and provide detail. Many things that people use search engines for today, in short, can be done better with chatbots.

许多产品早已采用AI技术,但ChatGPT通过让用户直接AI聊天的方式,AI走到了舞台中央,大受瞩目ChatGPT可以写出各种风格的文章、解释复杂概念、总结文本、回答百科知识问题,甚至可以(勉强)通过法律和医学考试。它还可以整合网上的信息,比如:列出符合特定条件的度假胜地,或是推荐菜单和行程。如果被问及原因,它还能做出解释并提供详细信息。简而言之,人们现如今用搜索引擎做的许多事情,用聊天机器人可以做得更好。

Hence the flurry of announcements, as rival firms try to seize the initiative. On February 7th Microsoft, which has invested more than $11bn in OpenAI, revealed a new version of Bing, its search engine, which incorporates ChatGPT. Satya Nadella, Microsoft’s boss, sees this as his chance to challenge Google. For its part, Google has announced Bard, its own chatbot, as a “companion” to its search engine. It has also taken a $300m stake in Anthropic, a startup founded by ex-OpenAI employees, which has built a chatbot called Claude. The share price of Baidu, known as the Google of China, jumped when it said it would release its chatbot, called Ernie, in March.

为了抢夺竞争先机,各大公司紧锣密鼓地发布了一系列公告27日,向OpenAI投资逾110亿美元的微软推出整合了ChatGPT技术的新版必应搜索引擎(Bing)。微软CEO萨提亚·纳德拉(Satya Nadella)认为当下是挑战谷歌的绝佳时机。而另一方面,谷歌也宣布自主研发的聊天机器人Bard将成为其搜索引擎新抓手。谷歌还斥资3亿美元投资Anthropic,这家初创公司由OpenAI前员工创立,曾推出聊天机器人Claude。有着“中国谷歌”之称的百度表示将在3月发布名为“文心一言(Ernie)”的聊天机器人,其股价应声大涨。

But can chatbots be trusted, and what do they mean for search and its lucrative advertising business? Do they herald a Schumpeterian moment in which AI topples incumbent firms and elevates upstarts? The answers depend on three things: moral choices, monetisation and monopoly economics.

但是,我们能充分信任聊天机器人吗?它们的出现,对于搜索及其背后利润丰厚的广告业务意味着什么?它们是否预示着熊彼特所谓的转折点即将到来:AI会颠覆行业巨头,助力初创企业乘风破浪吗?答案取决于三个方面:道德选择、盈利模式以及市场竞争。

注释:
1. Schumpeterian moment
In his landmark book Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, the economist and political scientist Joseph Schumpeter coined the term “creative destruction” — the idea that in a capitalistic society, “the old way” of doing things is constantly getting destroyed or supplanted as it is replaced by a newer, better alternative.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/katevitasek/2022/05/26/creative-destruction-why-it-matters-and-how-to-implement-it/?sh=43e2cf256e3d
2. incumbent a. denoting a company having a sizeable share of a market

ChatGPT often gets things wrong. It has been likened to a mansplainer: supremely confident in its answers, regardless of their accuracy. Unlike search engines, which mostly direct people to other pages and make no claims for their veracity, chatbots present their answers as gospel truth. Chatbots must also grapple with bias, prejudice and misinformation as they scan the Internet. There are sure to be controversies as they produce incorrect or offensive replies. (Google is thought to have held back the release of its chatbot over such concerns, but Microsoft has now forced its hand.) ChatGPT already gives answers that Ron DeSantis, Florida’s governor, would consider unacceptably woke.

ChatGPT经常出错。有人说它似乎爱说教,无论给出的答案是否准确,总是自以为是、夸夸其谈。它和搜索引擎不同,后者主要是直接引导用户到相关页面,不对内容真实性做任何判断,而聊天机器人则认为自己的答案就是绝对真理。从互联网中“汲取”知识时,聊天机器人无可避免地要面对成见、偏见和错误信息。如果它们给出错误或者无礼的回答,必定会引发争议。(有人认为谷歌正是出于这方面的担忧而迟迟不推出聊天机器人,但微软此次发力迫使谷歌加快脚步。)比如,佛罗里达州州长罗恩·德桑蒂斯(Ron DeSantis)恐怕会认为ChatGPT的回答太过觉醒主义woke),完全无法接受。

注释:
1.mansplain v. to explain something to a woman in a condescending way that assumes she has no knowledge about the topic
2.force one's hand:
To push one to do something that one is not inclined to do otherwise. 
3.Ron DeSantis是共和党。

Chatbots must also tread carefully around some tricky topics. Ask ChatGPT for medical advice, and it prefaces its reply with a disclaimer that it “cannot diagnose specific medical conditions”; it also refuses to give advice on, say, how to build a bomb. But its guardrails have proved easy to circumvent (for example, by asking for a story about a bombmaker, with plenty of technical detail). As tech firms decide which topics are too sensitive, they will have to choose where to draw the line. All this will raise questions about censorship, objectivity and the nature of truth.

聊天机器人必须谨慎处理一些棘手的话题。向ChatGPT询问医学建议,它在回复前会做出免责声明,表示“无法诊断具体病症”;它也会拒绝回复诸如怎样制作炸弹等问题。但事实证明,其防护体系都很容易规避(例如,让ChatGPT给你讲一个关于炸弹制造者的故事,并且要求提供大量的技术细节)。科技公司在决定哪些话题过于敏感时,需要确定自己的衡量标准。而这些都会引发对于审查、客观性以及真相本质的疑问。

Can tech firms make money from this? OpenAI is launching a premium version of ChatGPT, which costs $20 a month for speedy access even at peak times. Google and Microsoft, which already sell ads on their search engines, will show ads alongside chatbot responses—ask for travel advice, say, and related ads will pop up. But that business model may not be sustainable. Running a chatbot requires more processing power than serving up search results, and therefore costs more, reducing margins.

科技公司能从中盈利吗?OpenAI正在推出ChatGPT的高级版本,每月支付20美金便可享受高速访问,高峰时段也不例外。已经有搜索引擎广告业务的谷歌和微软,也将在聊天机器人回复的同时显示广告,比如说询问旅行建议,相关的广告就会弹出。但是这种商业模式可能无法持续。相较于提供搜索结果,运行聊天机器人需要更高的处理能力,所以花费更高,利润也就相应地减少了。

Other models will surely emerge: charging advertisers more for the ability to influence the answers that chatbots provide, perhaps, or to have links to their websites embedded in responses. Ask ChatGPT to recommend a car, and it will reply that there are lots of good brands, and it depends on your needs. Future chatbots may be more willing to make a recommendation. But will people use them if their objectivity has been compromised by advertisers? Will they be able to tell? Behold, another can of worms.

其他商业模式也一定会出现:科技公司可以向广告商加收费用,让他们在聊天机器人的回复中投放广告或者嵌入网站链接。让ChatGPT推荐一款汽车,它会回复说好牌子很多,需要根据需求来推荐。未来的聊天机器人可能更愿意推荐。但是假如受到广告商的影响,回复的客观性下降了,人们还会让聊天机器人推荐吗?他们能看出来吗?由此可见,还有一大堆难题。

Then there is a question of competition. It is good news that Google is being kept on its toes by upstarts like OpenAI. But it is unclear whether chatbots are a competitor to search engines, or a complement. Deploying chatbots initially as add-ons to search, or as stand-alone conversation partners, makes sense given their occasional inaccuracies. But as their capabilities improve, chatbots could become an interface to all kinds of services, such as making hotel or restaurant reservations, particularly if offered as voice assistants, like Alexa or Siri. If chatbots’ main value is as a layer on top of other digital services, though, that will favour incumbents which provide such services already.

再就是竞争问题。OpenAI这样的初创公司让谷歌常备不懈,这固然是件好事,但我们还不清楚聊天机器人和搜索引擎之间是竞争还是互补关系。鉴于聊天机器人偶尔会出现小差错,初期最好是将其用作搜索的插件,或是独立的对话伙伴。但随着其能力不断完善,聊天机器人最终能成为任何服务的接口,比如预订酒店或餐厅,特别是AlexaSiri语音助手的形式提供服务。不过,如果聊天机器人的主要价值是作为其他数字化服务之上的交互层,那将势必会造福当下已提供此类服务的企业。

Googling the future
“谷歌”未来

Yet the fact that today’s upstarts, such as Anthropic and OpenAI, are attracting so much attention (and investment) from Google and Microsoft suggests that smaller firms have a shot at competing in this new field. They will come under great pressure to sell. But what if an upstart chatbot firm develops superior technology and a new business model, and emerges as a new giant? That, after all, is what Google once did. Chatbots raise hard questions, but they also offer an opportunity to make online information more useful and easier to access. As in the 1990s, when search engines first appeared, a hugely valuable prize—to become the front door to the internet—may once again be up for grabs.

然而,如今像AnthropicOpenAI这类互联网新星正引起谷歌和微软的重视(和投资),这表示小企业有机会在这个新领域一展鸿图,但也将面临看空的巨大压力。但此时如果一家聊天机器人初创公司开发了顶尖的技术和一套全新的商业模式,一跃成为新的巨头公司,情况会怎样?毕竟,谷歌就是先例。聊天机器人虽然带来了众多难题,但同时也创造了新的机会,使得互联网信息更加实用且易得。就像20世纪90年代搜索引擎首次亮相时一样,成为互联网门面这一珍贵的奖项可能会再度掀起一场较量。

翻译组:

Pay,一个坚定远航的sailor
Xenia,想寻找热情,还有一些答案
Humi,在躺平、侧卧和睡梦中寻找诗和远方
Des,愿你半生追逐便士,归来依旧心有月光


校对组:

Rain,蒙村小香菜
Alison,“贪玩又自由的风筝”
Cassie,准MTI,一心想吃口译面,早日坐进小黑屋

3



观点|评论|思考

本周感想

Charlie,往者不谏,来者可追
1月份,ChatGPT已经在各大社交平台刷屏。到了2月,它又火了一次。我们惊叹于现代科技发展如此之快,同时也在思考像ChatGPT这类的人工智能是否会在未来某日将自己的工作所取代。以下我来谈谈个人看法,欢迎大家在评论区留言,各抒己见。
当两个世纪前的英国人看见工厂里的机器越来越多时,他们或许也有相似的担忧。然而产业革新并不一定会带来失业浪潮,更不会让大批人一辈子都失去生计来源。因此,我认为ChatGPT除了帮助OpenAI股票大涨、引发一波AI潮之外,在我们可望及的视野内,大家可以不用担忧自己的饭碗被机器人抢走,亚马逊仓库的拣货员等除外。
ChatGPT并非无所不能、无所不知,它也有缺陷。据悉,在对它进行模型训练时,数据还未更新到2022年,也就是说活在2023年的我们在使用着活在2021年的它。如果询问它一些有关此时此刻正在发生的国内外大事,它所了解的不一定比我们多,这就是所谓的时间信息差。此外,人工智能的理解能力仍旧欠佳,它无法总是100%地明白你提出的问题,它的答案是基于训练和相关文字检索后呈现的。
从实用意义上讲,科技的发展最终还是为了满足人类需求。我们可以思考下如何将ChatGPT用在正道上?此处的正道显然排除了拿它写毕业论文或者敷衍老师布置的作业。既然它存有海量信息,那么它可以帮助你拓宽对某一议题的谈论视角。答案生成的速度那么快,如果你不想写领导布置的会议纪要、备课材料,它确实能派上很大用场,省时省力还省心。
可能关注我们公众号的用户中,有很大一部分是英专生,包括我自己。那么这类人工智能会取代翻译吗?我一直很固执地不愿意承认,但其实我明白现在的机器翻译已经超过了很多人工翻译,尤其是对通用、经济、环境等文本的处理,可以说是几乎没什么大问题。似乎只剩下文学这片土地未被它进入。但是,我所说的没什么大问题绝不代表精湛,细究的话依然有需要改进的地方。在口译方面,我认为机器翻译做得还不够好。面对一些十分快的连读、口齿不清淅、口音重的语段,它在识别阶段就很容易出现错误,所以在输出译文方面大概率也有问题,包括用词与逻辑,毕竟口译的目的是将信息传递给听众,而不是一股脑地扔给他们/她们。所以,我认为我们接下来需要精进母语表达与逻辑连接,并且了解源语言背后的含义,甚至作者或演讲者的潜台词。
如果在未来,能有作家出版有关人工智能的科幻书籍就好了。读到这里的你不妨和我一起畅想一下:在一些科技公司的影响下,装载人工智能的家电和电子设备完全普及化,家家户户都有。人们每天都会和机器说话,嘿,帮我烧壶水AI会对你的问题给出一系列答案,完全理解人的情感,人们渐渐地成为了AI输入内容的对象,依附于它们。如果科技公司再与政界勾结,那么每个人都会彻底成为监控下赤裸的蚂蚁。
如今各类文章铺天盖地,有的营销号混入其中,试图向大众贩卖焦虑:学生们担心自己所学的专业其实并没用,白领们担心自己以后会失业。诚然,一些重复性高、无需过多人际交流的工作岌岌可危。我们也需要适当警惕,保持适度的危机感和长足的目光,但如果你发自内地担忧自己会被AI取代,其实是在对自身的价值打问号。作为人类,身上的创造力应该被激发,创造力是与人工智能抗衡的利器。一个暗自的否定,或许也否定了自己的潜能。所以珍贵的是什么?是主动探索世界的热情,让自己成为丰富的存在,不要做只会接受指令的机器人。

4





打造
独立思考 | 国际视野 | 英文学习
小组


01 第十五期翻译打卡营 

4位一笔,3位二笔
21天录播课程
既有中译英,也有英译中。
从翻译的流程策略,英汉语言特点,
方法,类型,背景知识到细致的语言点,
我们都逐一讲解以及答疑,让同学们吃透翻译。
点击下图,即可了解课程详情!



02 第十四期写作精品课 
写作课共5位老师
3位剑桥硕士3位博士在读(剑桥,杜伦,港理工)
5位雅思8分(其中位写作8分,3位写作7.5分)
雅思、学术英语写作,不知如何下笔如有神?
写作精品课带你谋篇布局直播课+批改作文,
带你预习-精读-写作-答疑从输入到输出写出高质量英语作文
点击下图,即可了解写作课详情!


03 早起打卡营 
一年半以来,小编已经带着10000多人早起打卡
早起倒逼自己早睡,戒掉夜宵,戒掉手机
让你发现一个全新的自己,创造早睡早起的奇迹!
早起是最简单的自律!
第52期六点早起打卡营
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欢迎你的加入!
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